High loft, low center-of-gravity golf club heads

ABSTRACT

A golf club and golf club head having a high static loft angle, low forward center of gravity, and enhanced z-axis gear effect via a large roll radius and/or tightly controlled moment of inertia about the CG x-axis, Ixx, associated with upward and downward twisting of the club head.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/803,635, filed Feb. 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/192,311, filed Nov. 15, 2018, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/830,920, filed Dec.4, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,143,903, issued Dec. 4, 2018, which is acontinuation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/146,581, filed May 4,2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,844,708, issued Dec. 19, 2017, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/339,933, filed Dec.29, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,358,430, issued Jun. 7, 2016, which claimsthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/429,013, filedDec. 31, 2010, all of which are herein incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

FIELD

The present application concerns golf club heads, and more particularly,golf club heads having high static loft angles, low centers of gravity,or both high static loft angles and low centers of gravity.

BACKGROUND

The center of gravity (CG) of a golf club head is a critical parameterof the club's performance. Upon impact, the position of the CG greatlyaffects launch angle and flight trajectory of a struck golf ball. Thus,much effort has been made over positioning the center of gravity of golfclub heads. To that end, current driver and fairway wood golf club headsare typically formed of lightweight, yet durable material, such as steelor titanium alloys. These materials are typically used to form thin clubhead walls. Thinner walls are lighter, and thus result in greaterdiscretionary weight, i.e., weight available for redistribution around agolf club head. Greater discretionary weight allows golf clubmanufacturers more leeway in assigning club mass to achieve desired golfclub head mass distributions.

Golf swings vary among golfers. The mass properties (e.g., CG location,moment of inertia, etc.) and design geometry (e.g., static loft) of agiven golf club may provide a high level of performance for a golferhaving a relatively high swing speed, but not for a golfer having arelatively slower swing speed.

It should, therefore, be appreciated that there is a need for golf clubheads and golf clubs having designs that perform over a wide range ofclub head swing speeds. The present application fulfills this need andothers.

SUMMARY

The following describes golf club heads that include a body defining aninterior cavity, a sole portion positioned at a bottom portion of thegolf club head, a crown portion positioned at a top portion, and a skirtportion positioned around a periphery between the sole and crown. Thegolf club head body has a forward portion and a rearward portion, with astriking face positioned at the forward portion of the body.

In a first aspect, embodiments of the golf club head include a facehaving a static loft angle greater than or equal to 11 degrees. In someinstances, the golf club head has a center of gravity that is 7 mm ormore below the geometric center of the face of the golf club head asmeasured along a z-axis of the golf club head having an origin at thegeometric center.

In a second aspect, embodiments of the golf club head include a ballstriking face of the club head body having a geometric center, and acenter of gravity whose projection onto the ball striking face of theclub head body is located off-center from the geometric center in adirection toward the sole.

In some instances of the embodiments of the golf club heads of thesecond aspect, the club head body has a center of gravity that isbetween 7 mm and 40 mm below the geometric center of the ball strikingface of the club head body as measured along the z-axis of the golf clubhead. In some other instances, the club head body has a static loftangle of between 11 degrees and 33 degrees.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the golf club headwill become more apparent from the following detailed description, whichproceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of an exemplary embodiment of a golfclub head.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a side elevation view from a toe side of the golf club head ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of the golf club of FIG. 1 illustratingclub head origin and center of gravity origin coordinate systems.

FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the golf club of FIG. 1 illustrating theclub head origin and center of gravity origin coordinate systems.

FIG. 6 is a side elevation view from a toe side of the golf club of FIG.1 illustrating the club head origin and center of gravity origincoordinate systems.

FIG. 7 is a side elevation view from a toe side of the golf club of FIG.1 illustrating the projection of the center of gravity (CG) onto thegolf club head face.

FIG. 8 is a schematic elevation view of the trajectory of a golf ballhit with a driver having a CG_(z) aligned with the geometric center ofthe ball striking club face.

FIG. 9 is a schematic elevation view of the trajectory of a golf ballhit with a driver having a CG_(z) lower than the geometric center of theball striking club face.

FIG. 10 is a first graph showing static loft and CG_(z) values forexemplary embodiments of the disclosed technology.

FIG. 11 is a second graph showing static loft and CG_(z) values forexemplary embodiments of the disclosed technology.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing the total yardage values and CG_(z) valuesfor simulated golf shots taken by exemplary embodiments of the disclosedtechnology.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing the total yardage values and loft values forsimulated golf shots taken by exemplary embodiments of the disclosedtechnology.

FIG. 14A is a side elevation view from a toe side of an exemplaryembodiment of a golf club head.

FIG. 14B is a top plan view of the golf club head of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14C is a perspective view from a front and toe side of the golfclub head of FIG. 14A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. General Considerations

The following disclosure describes embodiments of golf club heads forwood-type clubs (e.g., drivers) that incorporate higher loft angles,lower centers of gravity, or both higher loft angles and lower centersof gravity relative to conventional wood-type clubs. The disclosedembodiments should not be construed as limiting in any way. Instead, thepresent disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious featuresand aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in variouscombinations and subcombinations with one another. Furthermore, anyfeatures or aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be used in variouscombinations and subcombinations with one another. The disclosedembodiments are not limited to any specific aspect or feature orcombination thereof, nor do the disclosed embodiments require that anyone or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved.

The present disclosure makes reference to the accompanying drawingswhich form a part hereof, wherein like numerals designate like partsthroughout. The drawings illustrate specific embodiments, but otherembodiments may be formed and structural changes may be made withoutdeparting from the intended scope of this disclosure. Directions andreferences may be used to facilitate discussion of the drawings but arenot intended to be limiting. For example, certain terms may be used suchas “up,” “down,” “upper,” “lower,” “horizontal,” “vertical,” “left,”“right,” and the like. These terms are used, where applicable, toprovide some clarity of description when dealing with relativerelationships, particularly with respect to the illustrated embodiments.Such terms are not, however, intended to imply absolute relationships,positions, and/or orientations. Accordingly, the following detaileddescription shall not to be construed in a limiting sense.

A. Normal Address Position

Club heads and many of their physical characteristics disclosed hereinwill be described using “normal address position” as the club headreference position, unless otherwise indicated. FIGS. 1-3 illustrate oneembodiment of a driving-wood-type golf club head at normal addressposition. FIG. 1 illustrates a front elevation view of golf club head100, FIG. 2 illustrates a top plan view of the golf club head 100, andFIG. 3 illustrates a side elevation view of the golf club head 100 fromthe toe side. By way of preliminary description, the club head 100includes a hosel 120 and a ball striking club face 118. At normaladdress position, the club head 100 is positioned on a plane 125 aboveand parallel to a ground plane 117.

As used herein, “normal address position” means the club head positionwherein a vector normal to the club face 118 substantially lies in afirst vertical plane (a vertical plane is perpendicular to the groundplane 117), the centerline axis 121of the club shaft substantially liesin a second substantially vertical plane, and the first vertical planeand the second substantially vertical plane substantiallyperpendicularly intersect.

B. Club Head Features

A driving-wood-type golf club head, such as the golf club head 100 shownin FIGS. 1-3, includes a hollow body 110 defining a crown portion 112, asole portion 114, a skirt portion 116, and a ball striking club face118. The ball striking club face 118 can be integrally formed with thebody 110 or attached to the body. The body 110 further includes a hosel120, which defines a hosel bore 124 adapted to receive a golf clubshaft. The body 110 further includes a heel portion 126, a toe portion128, a front portion 130, and a rear portion 132.

The club head 100 also has a volume, typically measured incubic-centimeters (cm³), equal to the volumetric displacement of theclub head, assuming any apertures are sealed by a substantially planarsurface.

As used herein, “crown” means an upper portion of the club head above aperipheral outline 134 of the club head as viewed from a top-downdirection and rearward of the topmost portion of a ball striking surface122 of the ball striking club face 118. As used herein, “sole” means alower portion of the club head 100 extending upwards from a lowest pointof the club head when the club head is at the normal address position.In some implementations, the sole 114 extends approximately 50% to 60%of the distance from the lowest point of the club head to the crown 112.In other implementations, the sole 114 extends upwardly from the lowestpoint of the golf club head 110 a shorter distance. Further, the sole114 can define a substantially flat portion extending substantiallyhorizontally relative to the ground 117 when in normal address positionor can have an arced or convex shape as shown in FIG. 1. As used herein,“skirt” means a side portion of the club head 100 between the crown 112and the sole 114 that extends across a periphery 134 of the club head,excluding the striking surface 122, from the toe portion 128, around therear portion 132, to the heel portion 126. As used herein, “strikingsurface” means a front or external surface of the ball striking clubface 118 configured to impact a golf ball. In some embodiments, thestriking surface 122 can be a striking plate attached to the body 110using known attachment techniques, such as welding. Further, thestriking surface 122 can have a variable thickness. In certainembodiments, the striking surface 122 has a bulge and roll curvature(discussed more fully below).

The body 110, or any parts thereof, can be made from a metal alloy(e.g., an alloy of titanium, an alloy of steel, an alloy of aluminum,and/or an alloy of magnesium), a composite material (e.g., a graphite orcarbon fiber composite) a ceramic material, or any combination thereof.The crown 112, sole 114, skirt 116, and ball striking club face 118 canbe integrally formed using techniques such as molding, cold forming,casting, and/or forging. Alternatively, any one or more of the crown112, sole 114, skirt 116, or ball striking club face 118 can be attachedto the other components by known means (e.g., adhesive bonding, welding,and the like).

In some embodiments, the striking face 118 is made of a compositematerial, while in other embodiments, the striking face 118 is made froma metal alloy (e.g., an alloy of titanium, steel, aluminum, and/ormagnesium), ceramic material, or a combination of composite, metalalloy, and/or ceramic materials.

When at normal address position, the club head 100 is disposed at a lieangle 119 relative to the club shaft axis 121 (as shown in FIG. 1) andthe club face has a loft angle 115 (as shown in FIG. 2). Referring toFIG. 1, the lie angle 119 refers to the angle between the centerlineaxis 121 of the club shaft and the ground plane 117 at normal addressposition. Referring to FIG. 3, loft angle 115 refers to the anglebetween a tangent line 127 to the club face 118 and a vector 129 normalto the ground plane at normal address position.

FIGS. 4-6 illustrate coordinate systems that can be used in describingfeatures of the disclosed golf club head embodiments. FIG. 4 illustratesa front elevation view of the golf club head 100, FIG. 5 illustrates atop plan view of the golf club head 100, and FIG. 3 illustrates a sideelevation view of the golf club head 100 from the toe side. As shown inFIGS. 4-6, a center 123 is disposed on the striking surface 122. Forpurposes of this disclosure, the center 123 is defined as theintersection of the midpoints of a height (H_(ss)) and a width (W_(ss))of the striking surface 122. Both H_(ss) and W_(ss) are determined usingthe striking face curve (S_(ss)). The striking face curve is bounded onits periphery by all points where the face transitions from asubstantially uniform bulge radius (face heel-to-toe radius ofcurvature) and a substantially uniform roll radius (face crown-to-soleradius of curvature) to the body. H_(ss) is the distance from theperiphery proximate to the sole portion of S_(ss) (also referred to asthe bottom radius of the club face) to the periphery proximate to thecrown portion of S_(ss) (also referred to as the top radius of the clubface) measured in a vertical plane (perpendicular to ground) thatextends through the center 123 of the face (e.g., this plane issubstantially normal to the x-axis). Similarly, W_(ss) is the distancefrom the periphery proximate to the heel portion of S_(ss) to theperiphery proximate to the toe portion of S_(ss) measured in ahorizontal plane (e.g., substantially parallel to ground) that extendsthrough the center 123 of the face (e.g., this plane is substantiallynormal to the z-axis). In other words, the center 123 along the z-axiscorresponds to a point that bisects into two equal parts a line drawnfrom a point just on the inside of the top radius of the strikingsurface (and centered along the x-axis of the striking surface) to apoint just on the inside of the bottom radius of the face plate (andcentered along the x-axis of the striking surface). For purposes of thisdisclosure, the center 123 is also be referred to as the “geometriccenter” of the golf club striking surface 122. See also U.S.G.A.“Procedure for Measuring the Flexibility of a Golf Clubhead,” Revision2.0 for the methodology to measure the geometric center of the strikingface.

C. Golf Club Head Coordinates

Referring to FIGS. 4-6, a club head origin coordinate system can bedefined such that the location of various features of the club head(including a club head center-of-gravity (CG) 150) can be determined. Aclub head origin 160 is illustrated on the club head 100 positioned atthe center 123 of the striking surface 122.

The head origin coordinate system defined with respect to the headorigin 160 includes three axes: a z-axis 165 extending through the headorigin 160 in a generally vertical direction relative to the ground 117when the club head 100 is at the normal address position; an x-axis 170extending through the head origin 160 in a toe-to-heel directiongenerally parallel to the striking surface 122 (e.g., generallytangential to the striking surface 122 at the center 123) and generallyperpendicular to the z-axis 165; and a y-axis 175 extending through thehead origin 160 in a front-to-back direction and generally perpendicularto the x-axis 170 and to the z-axis 165. The x-axis 170 and the y-axis175 both extend in generally horizontal directions relative to theground 117 when the club head 100 is at the normal address position. Thex-axis 170 extends in a positive direction from the origin 160 towardsthe heel 126 of the club head 100. The y-axis 175 extends in a positivedirection from the head origin 160 towards the rear portion 132 of theclub head 100. The z-axis 165 extends in a positive direction from theorigin 160 towards the crown 112.

D. Center of Gravity

Generally, the center of gravity (CG) of a golf club head is the averagelocation of the weight of the golf club head or the point at which theentire weight of the golf club head may be considered as concentrated sothat if supported at this point the head would remain in equilibrium inany position.

Referring to FIGS. 4-6, a CG 150 is shown as a point inside the body 110of the club head 100. The location of the club CG 150 can also bedefined with reference to the club head origin coordinate system. Forexample, and using millimeters as the unit of measure, a CG 150 that islocated 3.2 mm from the head origin 160 toward the toe of the club headalong the x-axis, 36.7 mm from the head origin 160 toward the rear ofthe club head along the y-axis, and 4.1 mm from the head origin 160toward the sole of the club head along the z-axis can be defined ashaving a CG_(x) of −3.2 mm, a CG_(y) of −36.7 mm, and a CG_(z) of −4.1mm.

The CG can also be used to define a coordinate system with the CG as theorigin of the coordinate system. For example, and as illustrated inFIGS. 4-6, the CG origin coordinate system defined with respect to theCG origin 150 includes three axes: a CG z-axis 185 extending through theCG 150 in a generally vertical direction relative to the ground 117 whenthe club head 100 is at normal address position; a CG x-axis 190extending through the CG origin 150 in a toe-to-heel direction generallyparallel to the striking surface 122 (e.g., generally tangential to thestriking surface 122 at the club face center 123), and generallyperpendicular to the CG z-axis 185; and a CG y-axis 195 extendingthrough the CG origin 150 in a front-to-back direction and generallyperpendicular to the CG x-axis 190 and to the CG z-axis 185. The CGx-axis 190 and the CG y-axis 195 both extend in generally horizontaldirections relative to the ground 117 when the club head 100 is atnormal address position. The CG x-axis 190 extends in a positivedirection from the CG origin 150 to the heel 126 of the club head 100.The CG y-axis 195 extends in a positive direction from the CG origin 150towards the rear portion 132 of the golf club head 100. The CG z-axis185 extends in a positive direction from the CG origin 150 towards thecrown 112. Thus, the axes of the CG origin coordinate system areparallel to corresponding axes of the head origin coordinate system. Inparticular, the CG z-axis 185 is parallel to z-axis 165, CG x-axis 190is parallel to x-axis 170, and CG y-axis 195 is parallel to y-axis 175.

As best shown in FIG. 6, FIGS. 4-6 also show a projected CG point 180 onthe golf club head striking surface 122. The projected CG point 180 isthe point on the striking surface 122 that intersects with a line thatis normal to the tangent line 127 of the ball striking club face 118 andthat passes through the CG 150. This projected CG point 180 can also bereferred to as the “zero-torque” point because it indicates the point onthe ball striking club face 118 that is centered with the CG 150. Thus,if a golf ball makes contact with the club face 118 at the projected CGpoint 180, the golf club head will not twist about any axis of rotationsince no torque is produced by the impact of the golf ball.

II. Exemplary Embodiments of High Loft, Low CG Golf Club Heads

A. Z-Axis Gear Effect

In certain embodiments disclosed herein, the projected CG point on theball striking club face is located below the geometric center of theclub face. In other words, the projected CG point on the ball strikingclub face is closer to the sole of the club face than the geometriccenter. As a result, and as illustrated in FIG. 7, when the golf club isswung such that the club head 100 impacts a golf ball 200 at the clubhead's center 123, the impact is “off center” from the projected CGpoint 180, creating torque that causes the body of the golf club head torotate (or twist) about the CG x-axis (which is normal to the page inFIG. 7). This rotation of the golf club head about the x-axis isillustrated in FIG. 7 by arrows 202, 203. The rotation of the club facecreates a “z-axis gear effect.” More specifically, the rotation of theclub head about the CG x-axis tends to induce a component of spin on theball. In particular, the backward rotation (shown by arrows 202, 203) ofthe club head face that occurs as the golf ball is compressed againstthe club face during impact causes the ball to rotate in a directionopposite to the rotation of the club face, much like two gearsinterfacing with one another. Thus, the backward rotation of the clubface during impact creates a component of forward rotation (shown byarrows 204, 205) in the golf ball. This effect is termed the “z-axisgear effect.” Because the loft of a golf club head also creates asignificant amount of backspin in a ball impacted by the golf club head,the forward rotation resulting from the z-axis gear effect is typicallynot enough to completely eliminate the backspin of the golf ball, butinstead reduces the backspin from that which would normally beexperienced by the golf ball. In general, the forward rotation (ortopspin) component resulting from the z-axis gear effect is increased asthe impact point of a golf ball moves upward from (or higher above) theprojected CG point on the ball striking club face. Additionally, theeffective loft of the golf club head that is experienced by the golfball and that determines the launch conditions of the golf ball can bedifferent than the static loft of the golf club head. The differencebetween the golf club head's effective loft at impact and its staticloft angle at address is referred to as “dynamic loft” and can resultfrom a number of factors. In general, however, the effective loft of agolf club head is increased from the static loft as the impact point ofa golf ball moves upward from (or higher than) the projected CG point onthe ball striking club face.

FIG. 8 is a schematic side view 800 illustrating trajectory 800 of agolf ball hit by a driver having a projected CG that coincides with thegeometric center of the striking surface. The launch conditions createdfrom such a driver typically include a low launch angle and asignificant amount of backspin. The backspin on the ball causes it toquickly rise in altitude and obtain a more vertical trajectory,“ballooning” into the sky. Consequently, the ball tends to quickly loseits forward momentum as it is transferred to vertical momentum,eventually resulting in a steep downward trajectory that does not createa significant amount of roll. As illustrated by FIG. 8, then, eventhough some backspin can be beneficial to a golf ball's trajectory byallowing it to “rise” vertically and resist a parabolic trajectory, toomuch backspin can cause the golf ball to lose distance by transferringtoo much of its forward momentum into vertical momentum.

FIG. 9, by contrast, is a schematic side view illustrating trajectory900 of a golf ball hit by a driver having a lower center of gravity inaccordance with embodiments of the disclosed technology. In FIG. 9, thestatic loft of the golf club head is assumed to be the same as thedriver in FIG. 8, although the static loft can be higher, as more fullyexplained below. The launch conditions created from a driver having alower center of gravity includes a higher launch angle and less backspinrelative to the driver having a projected CG that coincides with thegeometric center of the striking surface. As can be seen in FIG. 9, thetrajectory 900 includes less “ballooning” than the trajectory 800 butstill has enough backspin for the ball to have some rise and togenerally maintain its launch trajectory longer than a ball with nobackspin. As a result, the golf ball with trajectory 900 carries furtherthan golf ball with trajectory 800. Furthermore, because the horizontalmomentum of the golf ball is greater with trajectory 900 than withtrajectory 800, the roll experienced by the golf ball with trajectory900 is greater than with trajectory 800.

B. Exemplary CG_(z) and Static Loft Values

In some embodiments described herein, a golf club head for a driver hasa higher static loft, a lower center of gravity, or both a higher staticloft and a lower center of gravity than conventional drivers. Forexample, for golf club heads having lower centers of gravity (e.g.,centers of gravity that result in a projected CG on the striking surfaceof the club face below the geometric center of the club face), thebackspin of a golf ball struck by the golf club head can be reduced,thereby allowing the golf ball to travel a greater distance (e.g.,according to a trajectory similar to the trajectory shown in FIG. 9).Further, for golf club heads having both a higher static loft and alower center of gravity than conventional drivers, the backspin producedmay not be less than a conventional driver (since the higher static loftsignificantly contributes to increased backspin), but the reduction inbackspin produced by the lower CG helps the golf club head reduce thebackspin from that which would otherwise be experienced. As a result,greater distance can be obtained from the golf club head. Moreover, forsome players, a golf club head having a higher static loft and a lowercenter of gravity than conventional drivers can produce greater overalldriving distances.

For example, certain players having swings with slower head speeds(e.g., less than 100 or 90 mph) achieve greater driving distances from agolf club head with a high static loft and low center of gravity. Forinstance, simulation results indicate that for a club head speed of 80mph (typical of many amateur golfers), the distance obtained fromembodiments of the disclosed golf club heads having a CG_(z) of −15 mmor less and a static loft of 18° is substantially the same or greaterthan the distance obtained from a driver having a CG_(z) of −5 mm and astatic loft of 12°. Additional simulation results are shown in thegraphs presented in FIGS. 12 and 13, which show total distance (carryplus roll) for golf shots struck at a club head speed of 80 mph. FIG. 12shows total distance versus CGz location for golf clubs having lofts of12°, 15°, and 18°, and also showing shots struck at centerface relativeto shots struck at 7.5 mm above centerface. FIG. 13 shows total distanceversus static loft for golf clubs having CGz locations ranging from −5mm to −15 mm, also showing shots struck at centerface relative to shotsstruck at 7.5 mm above centerface.

From the information shown in FIG. 12, the golf club having a 15° staticloft provides higher values for total distance over the reported rangeof CGz values relative to golf clubs having either higher loft (18°) orlower loft (12°). Moreover, from the information shown in FIG. 13, theoptimum static loft value for obtaining maximum distance over thereported range of CGz values is between about 14° and about 15°.

Additionally, players sometimes have a preference for clubs havinghigher static lofts. For instance, many players hit higher lofted clubsmore consistently than lower lofted clubs. Thus, many players willbenefit from having a driver with a higher loft and a lower center ofgravity, even if the overall distance from such a club may be slightlyless than the conventional driver.

FIGS. 10 and 11 are graphs 1000 and 1100 showing exemplary values ofCG_(z) and static loft for embodiments of the disclosed technology. Inparticular, FIGS. 10 and 11 are graphs having an x-axis showing CG_(z)values measured in mm from the geometric center of the club head face,where the geometric center is determined in the manner described above.Thus, the value of CG_(z) measures the distance between the geometriccenter and the CG along the z-axis originating at the geometric center.FIGS. 10 and 11 also have a y-axis showing static loft values for theclub head face, where the values represent the static loft angle(illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 as loft angle 115) measured in degrees. Alsoshown in FIG. 10 is an area 1002 that represents a range of CG_(z) andstatic loft values for golf club heads according to the disclosedtechnology. Similarly, FIG. 11 includes area 1102 that represents arange of CG_(z) and static loft values for golf club heads according tothe disclosed technology.

Certain embodiments of golf club heads designed in accordance with thedisclosed technology have values of CG_(z) that are less than −7.0 mm.For example, and depending on the overall size of the club head,embodiments of the disclosed technology can have a CG_(z) value between−7.0 mm and a value representing a z-axis location of the center ofgravity just inside the club head body adjacent to its sole. In specificembodiments, and as illustrated by area 1102 in FIG. 11, the CG_(z)value is between −7.0 mm and −40.0 mm, while in other embodimentsillustrated by area 1002 in FIG. 10, the CG_(z) value is between −7.0 mmand −20.0 mm. Any other range of values between −7.0 mm and a valuerepresenting a z-axis location of the center of gravity just inside theclub head body adjacent to its sole is also possible and contemplated bythis disclosure. For example, certain embodiments of the disclosedtechnology have a CG_(z) of between −9.0 mm and −20.0 mm.

Certain embodiments of golf club heads designed in accordance with thedisclosed technology also have static loft values that are greater than11.0°. For example, and as illustrated by area 1102 in FIG. 11,embodiments of the disclosed technology have a static loft of between11.0° and 33.0°. In specific embodiments, and as illustrated by area1002 in FIG. 10, the static loft is between 11.0° and 19.0°. Any otherrange of values between 11.0° and 33.0° is also possible andcontemplated by this disclosure. For example, certain embodiments of thedisclosed technology have a static loft of between 15.0° and 19.0°.Still other embodiments of golf club heads designed in accordance withthe disclosed technology have static loft values between 5.0° and 11.0°.

C. Using Discretionary Mass to Lower the Center of Gravity

Lower center of gravity values can be attained by distributing club headmass to particular locations in the golf club head. Discretionary massgenerally refers to the mass of material that can be removed fromvarious structures providing mass and that can be distributed elsewherefor locating the club head center-of-gravity.

Club head walls provide one source of discretionary mass. A reduction inwall thickness reduces the wall mass and provides mass that can bedistributed elsewhere. For example, in some implementations, one or morewalls of the club head can have a thickness less than approximately 0.7mm. In some embodiments, the crown 112 can have a thickness ofapproximately 0.65 mm throughout at least a majority of the crown. Inaddition, the skirt 116 can have a similar thickness, whereas the sole114 can have a greater thickness (e.g., more than approximately 1.0 mm).Thin walls, particularly a thin crown 112, provide significantdiscretionary mass.

To achieve a thin wall on the club head body 110, such as a thin crown112, a club head body 110 can be formed from an alloy of steel or analloy of titanium. In other embodiments, the thin walls of the club headbody are formed of a non-metallic material, such as a compositematerial, ceramic material, thermoplastic, or any combination thereof.For example, in particular embodiments, the crown 112 and the skirt 116are formed of a composite material.

To lower the center of gravity within the club head body 110, one ormore portions of the sole 114 can be formed of a higher density materialthan the crown 112 and the skirt 116. For example, the sole 114 can beformed of metallic material, such as tungsten or a tungsten alloy. Thesole 114 can also be shaped so that the center of gravity is closer orfurther from the golf ball striking club face as desired.

Golf club heads according to the disclosed technology can also use oneor more weight plates, weight pads, or weight ports in order to lowerthe center of gravity to the desired CG_(z) location. For example,certain embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads have one or moreintegral weight pads cast into the golf club head at predeterminedlocations (e.g., in the sole of the golf club head) that lower the clubhead's center-of-gravity. Also, epoxy can be added to the interior ofthe club head through the club head's hosel opening to obtain a desiredweight distribution. Alternatively, one or more weights formed ofhigh-density materials (e.g., tungsten or tungsten alloy) can beattached to the sole. Such weights can be permanently attached to theclub head. Furthermore, the shape of such weights can vary and is notlimited to any particular shape. For example, the weights can have adisc, elliptical, cylindrical, or other shape.

The golf club head 100 can also define one or more weight ports formedin the body 110 that are configured to receive one or more weights. Forexample, one or more weight ports can be disposed in the sole 114. Theweight port can have any of a number of various configurations toreceive and retain any of a number of weights or weight assemblies, suchas described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,407,447 and 7,419,441, which areincorporated herein by reference. Inclusion of one or more weights inthe weight port(s) provides a customized club head mass distributionwith corresponding customized moments of inertia and center-of-gravitylocations. Adjusting the location of the weight port(s) and the mass ofthe weights and/or weight assemblies provides various possible locationsof center-of-gravity and various possible mass moments of inertia usingthe same club head.

In further embodiments, one or more openings in the walls of the golfclub head body are formed. For example, the crown of the golf club headcan include an opening. A lightweight panel can be positioned withineach opening in order to close the opening. By selecting a material forthe panels that is less dense than the material used to form the clubhead body, the difference between the mass of the body material thatwould otherwise occupy the opening and the panel can be positionedelsewhere in the club head. For example, by strategically selecting thenumber, size, and location of the openings, the center of gravity of thegolf club head can be lowered to a desired position within the club headbody. The panels may comprise, for example, carbon fiber epoxy resin,carbon fiber reinforced plastic, polyurethane or quasi-isotropiccomposites. The panels can be attached using adhesive or any othersuitable technique.

In addition to redistributing mass within a particular club headenvelope as discussed above, the club head center-of-gravity locationcan also be tuned by modifying the club head external envelope. Forexample, the club head body 110 can be extended rearwardly, and itsoverall height can be reduced. In specific embodiments, for example, thecrown of the club head body is indented or otherwise includes an atleast partially concave shape, thereby distributing the weight of thecrown lower into the club head body.

D. Mass Moments of Inertia

Referring to FIGS. 4-6, golf club head moments of inertia are typicallydefined about the three CG axes that extend through the golf club headcenter-of-gravity 150. For example, a moment of inertia about the golfclub head CG x-axis 190 can be calculated by the following equation

I _(xx)=∫(z ² +y ²)dm   (1)

where y is the distance from a golf club head CG xz-plane to aninfinitesimal mass, dm, and z is the distance from a golf club head CGxy-plane to the infinitesimal mass, dm. The golf club head CG xz-planeis a plane defined by the golf club head CG x-axis 190 and the golf clubhead CG z-axis 185. The CG xy-plane is a plane defined by the golf clubhead CG x-axis 190 and the golf club head CG y-axis 195.

The moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (I_(xx)) is an indication ofthe ability of the golf club head to resist twisting about the CGx-axis. A higher moment of inertia about the CG x-axis (I_(xx))indicates a higher resistance to the upward and downward twisting of thegolf club head 100 resulting from high and low off-center impacts withthe golf ball.

In certain embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads, the moment ofinertia I_(xx) is at least 250 kg-mm². For example, in certainembodiments, the moment of inertia I_(xx) is between 250 kg-mm² and 800kg-mm². It has been observed that for embodiments of the disclosed golfclub heads in which the projected CG on the club head face is lower thanthe geometric center, a lower moment of inertia can increase the dynamicloft and decrease the backspin experienced by a golf ball struck at thegeometric center of the club. Thus, in particular embodiments, themoment of inertia I_(xx) is relatively low (e.g., between 250 kg-mm² and500 kg-mm²). In such embodiments, the relatively low moment of inertiacontributes to the reduction in golf ball spin, thereby helping a golfball obtain the desired high launch, low spin trajectory (e.g., atrajectory similar to that shown in FIG. 9). In still other embodiments,the moment of inertia is less than 250 kg-mm² (e.g., between 150-250kg-mm² or between 200-250 kg-mm²). Adjusting the location of thediscretionary mass in a golf club head using the methods described abovecan provide the desired moment of inertia I_(xx) in embodiments of thedisclosed golf club heads.

E. Delta 1

Delta 1 is a measure of how far rearward in the club head body 110 theCG is located. More specifically, Delta 1 is the distance between the CGand the hosel axis along the y axis (in the direction straight towardthe back of the body of the golf club face from the geometric center ofthe striking face). It has been observed that for embodiments of thedisclosed golf club heads, smaller values of delta 1 result in lowerprojected CGs on the club head face. Thus, for embodiments of thedisclosed golf club heads in which the projected CG on the ball strikingclub face is lower than the geometric center, reducing Delta 1 can lowerthe projected CG and increase the distance between the geometric centerand the projected CG. Recall also that a lower projected CG creates ahigher dynamic loft and more reduction in backspin due to the z-axisgear effect. Thus, for particular embodiments of the disclosed golf clubheads, the Delta 1 values are relatively low, thereby reducing theamount of backspin on the golf ball and helping the golf ball obtain thedesired high launch, low spin trajectory (e.g., a trajectory similar tothat shown in FIG. 9). For example, in certain embodiments, the Delta 1values are 25 mm or lower (e.g., in the range of 10-25 mm). Adjustingthe location of the discretionary mass in a golf club head as describedabove can provide the desired Delta 1 value. For instance, Delta 1 canbe manipulated by varying the mass in front of the CG (closer to theface) with respect to the mass behind the CG. That is, by increasing themass behind the CG with respect to the mass in front of the CG, Delta 1can be increased. In a similar manner, by increasing the mass in frontof the CG with the respect to the mass behind the CG, Delta 1 can bedecreased.

F. Bulge and Roll

Bulge and roll are golf club face properties that are generally used tocompensate for gear effect. The term “bulge” on a golf club refers tothe rounded properties of the golf club face from the heel to the toe ofthe club face. The term “roll” on a golf club refers to the roundedproperties of the golf club face from the crown to the sole of the clubface. In certain embodiments of the disclosed technology, the “roll” or“roll radius” of the golf club head is designed to improve thetrajectory of a golf ball when stricken at the geometric center of theclub, which in certain embodiments of the disclosed technology isoff-center of the projected CG on the ball striking club face. The rollradius R refers to the radius of a circle having an arc that correspondsto the arc along the z-axis of the ball striking club face. Curvature isthe inverse of radius and is defined as 1/R, where R is the radius ofthe circle having an arc corresponding to the arc along the z-axis ofthe ball striking club face. As an example, a roll with a curvature of0.0050 mm⁻¹ corresponds to a roll with a radius of 200 mm.

The roll of the golf club head can contribute to the amount of backspinthat the golf ball acquires when it is struck by the club head at apoint on the club face either above or below the projected CG of theclub head. For example, shots struck at a point on the club face abovethe projected CG (e.g., at the geometric center 123 above the projectedCG 180 in FIG. 7) have less backspin than shots struck at or below theprojected CG. If the roll radius of the club head is decreased, therewill be a decreased variance between backspin for shots struck above theprojected CG of the golf club face and shots struck below the projectedCG of the ball striking club face.

In certain embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads, the roll radiusis relatively large (e.g., greater than or equal to 300 mm). Thus, forembodiments of the disclosed golf club heads in which the projected CGon the ball striking club face is lower than the geometric center, thehigher roll radius operates to enhance the z-axis gear effect when aball is stricken at the geometric center, thereby reducing the amount ofbackspin on the golf ball and helping the golf ball obtain the desiredhigh launch, low spin trajectory (e.g., a trajectory similar to thatshown in FIG. 9). Furthermore, in certain implementations of thedisclosed golf club heads, the golf club face is flat or concave inorder to further reduce the backspin imparted on a golf ball having arelatively high static loft. In other embodiments, the roll radius isless than 300 mm. In certain embodiments, for example, the roll radiusis between about 100 and 150 mm.

G. Volume

Embodiments of the disclosed golf club heads disclosed herein can have avariety of different volumes. For example, certain embodiments of thedisclosed golf club heads are for drivers and have a head volume ofbetween 250 and 460 cm³ and a weight of between 180 and 210 grams. Otherembodiments of the disclosed golf club heads have a volume larger than460 cm³. If such a club head is desired, it can be constructed asdescribed above by enlarging the size of the strike plate and the outershell of the golf club head. Furthermore, such “large” club heads allowfor greater opportunity to achieve a lower CG_(z) in the golf club head.It should also be understood that golf club heads that have volumes ordimensions in excess of the current U.S.G.A. rules on clubs and ball arepossible and contemplated by this disclosure.

H. Exemplary Embodiments

FIGS. 14A-C illustrates an embodiment of a golf club head having arelatively high static loft and relatively low center of gravity. FIG.14A illustrates a toe side elevation view of the golf club head 1400,FIG. 14B illustrates a top plan view of the golf club head 1400, andFIG. 14C illustrates a front and toe side perspective view of the golfclub head 1400. As discussed above in relation to the golf club headembodiments shown in FIGS. 1-3, the golf club head 1400 includes ahollow body 1410 defining a crown portion 1412, a sole portion 1414, anda ball striking club face 1418. The ball striking club face 1418 can beintegrally formed with the body 1410 or attached to the body. The body1410 further includes a hosel 1420, which defines a hosel bore 1424adapted to receive a golf club shaft. The body 1410 further includes aheel portion 1426, a toe portion 1428, a front portion 1430, and a rearportion 1432.

At normal address position, the club head 1400 is positioned on a plane125 above and parallel to a ground plane 117. As shown in particular inFIG. 14A, at the normal address position, the sole portion 1414 of theembodiment shown is inclined at a sole angle 1438 relative to the plane125 such that a rear portion 1442 of the sole is positioned lower than afront portion 1444 of the sole. In some embodiments, the sole angle 1438is between about 5° to about 40°, such as from about 7° to about 30°,such as from about 10° to about 25°, or from about 15° to about 22°.

A three-dimensional model of the golf club head 1400 of the embodimentshown in FIGS. 14A-C was created and subdivided into sectionscorresponding to the crown portion 1412, the sole portion 1414, the ballstriking clubface 1418, and the hosel 1420. Each section was thenconstructed in the model to have the materials, thicknesses, and otherproperties listed in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Mass 199.7 g200.8 g 200.4 g 201.4 g 200.3 g CGx 1.3 mm 0.9 mm 1.2 mm 1.0 mm 0.7 mmDelta 1 14.4 mm 12.7 mm 14.2 mm 18.1 mm 16.3 mm CGz −10.4 mm −14.9 mm−11.1 mm −15.3 mm −19.6 mm Face Thk 2.5 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm 5.0 mm 5.0 mmFace Mtl Ti alloy Ti alloy Ti alloy Composite Composite Crown Thk 1.0 mm1.5 mm 1.5 mm 1.0 mm 1.5 mm Crown Mtl Ti alloy Composite Al alloy Tialloy Composite Hosel Thk 1.0 mm 1.0 mm 1.0 mm 1.0 mm 1.0 mm Hosel MtlTi alloy Ti alloy Ti alloy Ti alloy Ti alloy Sole Thk 1.45 mm 2.1 mm1.55 mm 2.0 mm 2.6 mm Sole Mtl Ti alloy Ti alloy Ti alloy Ti alloy TialloyIn Table 1, the materials listed include Titanium alloy (“Ti alloy”)having a density of approximately 4.5 g/cc³, a carbon fiber epoxycomposite (“Composite”) having a density of approximately 1.5 g/cc³, andan aluminum alloy (“Al alloy”) having a density of approximately 2.8g/cc³. As noted in the Table, the foregoing exemplary embodimentsincluded designs having values for CGz ranging from about −10.4 mm toabout −19.6 mm.

I. Concluding Remarks

Having illustrated and described the principles of the illustratedembodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that theembodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departingfrom such principles. For example, although the embodiments disclosedabove are made primarily with reference to drivers and driving-wood-typeclubs, any aspect of the disclosed technology can be incorporated into afairway wood having a smaller volume and/or greater mass. For example, afairway wood or rescue wood having any of the disclosed low CG and/orstatic high loft characteristics are considered to be within the scopeof this disclosure. For instance, embodiments of fairway woodsincorporating any one or more aspects of the disclosed technology have avolume between about 130 and 220 cm³ and a weight of between about 190and 225 grams, whereas embodiments of rescue woods incorporating any oneor more aspects of the disclosed technology have a volume between about80 and 150 cm³ and a weight of between about 210 and 240 grams.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of thedisclosed invention(s) may be applied, it should be recognized that theillustrated embodiments are only preferred examples and should not betaken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the scope of thedisclosure is at least as broad as the following claims and theirequivalents. We therefore claim all that comes within the scope andspirit of these claims and their equivalents.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A golf dub head, comprising: a club head bodyhaving an external surface with a heel portion, a toe portion, a crownportion, a sole portion, a skirt portion positioned around a peripherybetween the sole portion and crown portion, a ball striking face havinga thickness, and a hosel integrally formed with the club head body andextending outward from the club head body proximate to a crown and heeltransition region; wherein the ball striking face of the dub head bodyhas a geometric center; wherein the crown portion has one or moreopenings, and wherein one or more corresponding crown panels are placedin the one or more openings, the crown panels having a first materialdensity and a first portion thickness; wherein a portion of the clubhead body located below a geometric center of the ball striking face isformed of a second material having a second material density and asecond portion thickness, wherein the second material density is atleast twice the first material density of the crown panels; wherein atleast a portion of the club head body is formed of an aluminum alloy;wherein a moment of inertia about a golf club head center-of-gravityx-axis, Ixx, is between 250-800 kg-mm²; wherein the golf club head has aDelta 1 between 10 to 25 mm; and. where the dub head has a dub headvolume of at least 250 cm³ and a dub head weight of between about 180and 210 grams.
 22. The golf club head of claim 21, wherein at least aportion of the ball striking face is formed of a composite material. 23.The golf club head of claim 21, wherein the golf club head has a centerof gravity that is 5-20 mm below the geometric center of the ballstriking face of the golf club head as measured along a z-axis of thegolf club head having an origin at the geometric center.
 24. The golfclub head of claim 21, wherein the club head body has a center ofgravity whose projection onto the ball striking face of the club headbody is located off-center from the geometric center in a directiontoward the sole portion.
 25. The golf club head of claim 21, wherein thesole portion is at least partially formed of a material that is denserthan the material used to form the crown portion.
 26. The golf club headof claim 21, wherein the sole portion is formed at least partially oftungsten or includes one or more tungsten plates or weights.
 27. Thegolf dub head of claim 21, wherein the one Of more crown panels areformed of a composite material.
 28. The golf club head of claim 21,wherein the ball striking face has a varying thickness of no greaterthan 5 mm.
 29. The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the first materialdensity has a density of approximately 2.8 g/cc.
 30. The golf club headof claim 22, wherein the first material density and the at least aportion of the ball striking face formed of composite material have adensity of approximately 1.5 glee.
 31. The golf club head of claim 21,wherein the second material is formed of a titanium alloy.
 32. The golfclub head of claim 21, wherein the second material is formed of a Steelalloy.
 33. The golf dub head of claim 21, wherein the dub head body isformed from a combination of an alloy of titanium, an alloy of aluminum,and a composite material.
 34. The golf club head of claim 33, whereinthe crown panels, the skirt, and ball striking face are attached to thedub head body by adhesive bonding.
 35. The golf club head of claim 21,wherein at least a portion of the sole portion is formed of the secondmaterial and at least a portion of the sole portion has a sole thicknessthat is at least twice the first portion thickness.
 36. The golf clubhead of claim 21, wherein the crown panels, the skirt, and ball strikingface are attached to the club head body by adhesive bonding.
 37. A golfdub head, comprising: a club head body having an external surface with aheel portion, a toe portion, a crown portion, a sole portion, a skirtportion positioned around a periphery between the sole portion and crownportion, a ball striking face having a thickness, and a hos& integrallyformed with the dub head body and extending outward from the club headbody proximate to a crown and heel transition region; wherein the ballstriking face of the club head body has a geometric center; wherein thecrown portion has one or more openings, and wherein one or morecorresponding crown panels are placed in the one or more openings, thecrown panels having a first material density and a first portionthickness; wherein a portion of the club head body located below ageometric center of the ball striking face is formed of a secondmaterial haying a second material density and a second portionthickness, wherein the second material density is at least twice thefirst material density of the crown panels; wherein a moment of inertiaabout a golf club head center-of-gravity x-axis, Ixx, is between 250-800kg-mm²; wherein the golf club head has a Delta 1 between 1.0 to 25 mm;where the club head has a club head volume of at least 250 cm³ and aclub head weight of between about 180 and 210 grams; wherein the dubhead body is formed from a combination of an alloy of titanium, an alloyof aluminum, and a composite material; wherein the crown panels and theskirt are attached to the club head body by adhesive bonding; andwherein the ball striking face has a roll radius of 300 mm or greater.38. The golf club head of claim 37, wherein the ball striking, face hasa varying thickness no more than 5 mm and no less than 2.5 mm.
 39. Thegolf club head of claim 38, wherein at least a portion of the ballstriking face is formed of a composite material.
 40. A golf club head,comprising: a club head body having an external surface with a heelportion, a toe portion, a crown portion, a sole portion, a skirt portionpositioned around a periphery between the sole portion and crownportion, a ball striking face having a thickness, and a hosel integrallyformed with the dub head body and extending outward from the club headbody proximate to a crown and heel transition region; wherein the ballstriking face of the club head body has a geometric center; wherein thecrown portion has one or more openings, and wherein one or morecorresponding crown panels are placed in the one or more openings, thecrown panels having a first material density and a first portionthickness; wherein a portion of the club head body located below ageometric center of the ball striking face is formed of a secondmaterial haying a second material density and a second portionthickness, wherein the second material density is at least twice thefirst material density of the crown panels; wherein a moment of inertiaabout a golf club head center-of-gravity x-axis, Ixx, is between 250-800kg-mm²; wherein the golf club head has a Delta 1 between 1.0 to 25 mm;where the club head has a club head weight between about 180 and 210grams; wherein the ball striking face, the skirt, and the one or morecrown panels are attached. to the club head body by adhesive bonding;wherein the one or more crown panels are formed of a composite material;and wherein the ball striking face has a roll radius of 300 mm orgreater.